If you add your location to your profile, it would be easier for others to offer advice tailored to your climate.
Ideal time to collect aspen is before buds open in spring. If leaves were already opened, when you collected, the black leaves are simply a stress reaction, fungus would be secondary or opportunistic after leaf death reaction.
If you had defoliated the entire tree when you collected it might have had a better chance of survival. Best is to only collect deciduous trees while leafless.
Just keep the Aspen watered, don't fertilize until a month after new growth appears. Give it at least a half day of sun, too shady will slow recovery, if it will recover.
Doesn't sound good.