Question for Judy and Markyscott: WHY do you use charcoal in bonsai soil? What I read made me believe that it is only beneficial in terms of creating air spaces. If this is the case, why not pumice? I would presume pumice can be had for less cost.
Charcoal (biochar) has a very high cec and tons of pore space which can harbor colonies of beneficial bacteria and hold some water.
The cec is probably the biggest difference between pumice and charcoal.
Some of the people that promote its use, recommend that the charcoal be "charged" - soaked in water with carbohydrates (molasses/sugar) and nutrients (soluble fertilizer/manure/urine) as this makes the charcoal ready to be occupied by organisms.
I've read that activated carbon, which is charcoal that has been further processed is not as beneficial in horticultural applications. Not sure why. Some data suggests that biochar is not as effective in container culture. Not sure why about that, either, but it could be that raw biochar may initially draw nutrients from the soil.
Go to YouTube and search "biochar" and you will get all kinds of material to watch - some of it will be contradictory.