Having treated the bonsai with sevin, should I now spray it with water to get the white splotchy marks off of the leaves?
Nah, leave it on for now. The white splotches are residue, doesn't look great but adds some protection.
If they really bother you, you can rinse it off.
I've never grown fukien but there is a good chance some of the leaves could drop.
That generally isn't anything to worry about, they'll grown back. Just don't cook your tree in the hot summer sun.